Potassium Overdose Symptoms

Potassium is one of the nutrients your body needs to function. It is an electrolyte that the body uses for nerves and muscles and is essential for a healthy heart and kidneys. Potassium works in conjunction with sodium in what is known as the "sodium-potassium pump" moving into and out of the cells. The balance of potassium in the body is very delicate and an overdose can be fatal.

Causes

The balance of potassium in the body is maintained by the kidneys. They process any excess potassium, so problems with kidney function can cause toxic levels to build up. Other possible causes of potassium buildup are major infection, gastrointestinal bleeding or rapid protein breakdown. Potassium and sodium work together in the body, so if you don't get enough sodium it could cause excess potassium levels. Some medications can upset the balance of potassium in the body, especially diuretics used for high blood pressure. People with diabetes or Addison's disease can be at higher risk for potassium overdose as well.

Effects

Too much potassium can cause the muscles and nerves to malfunction, leading to irregular heartbeat. Other indications are stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, muscle spasms, irritability, fatigue, thready pulse and heart failure. It can also cause the skin on the hands, feet and tongue to tingle with a "pins and needles" sensation.

Long-term effects

Increased potassium levels in the body can have long term effects as well. If it is not identified and treated, it can cause problems with blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias and sclerosis as well as having a detrimental effect on the digestive system and the kidneys.

Treatment

Treatment for excess potassium aims at stabilizing the heart, promoting the movement of potassium into the cells and promoting excretion of excess potassium. Insulin and sodium bicarbonate can be given to help potassium move from the blood back into the cells. Certain diuretics can help the kidneys process and excrete the excess potassium, and binding resins can help the digestive system with the exchange of potassium and sodium.

Nutrition

To avoid problems with potassium overdose, foods that are high in potassium should be regulated. These include bananas, nuts, lentils, peaches, potatos, salmon, tomatoes, watermelon and avocados. Work with a nutritionist if necessary to help find the right balance of sodium and potassium for your diet. People with kidney problems should take special care with their diet in regards to potassium levels.